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Taking the Helm: Collaborative Approaches to ...

Written By: Edward A. S. Ross, Jackie Baines, Jacinta Hunter, Fleur McRitchie Pratt, & Nisha Patel

Abstract: As generative artificial intelligence tools (GenAI) are becoming more ingrained in everyday life, it is crucial that students and teachers become aware of the ethical considerations for using these tools. Furthermore, knowing these considerations, students need to understand the most effective way to use these tools to support their studies. This article discusses three major elements. First, our collaborative work with teachers and students in the Department of Classics at the University of Reading to inform staff and students about the ethical issues that surround AI training, development, and overuse. Second, our work creating an informational booklet for using GenAI in ancient language learning with guiding phrases, prompts which can be copy-pasted as the first message in a generative AI chat box to guide a user’s experience. Finally, an analysis of survey data gathered from ancient language students in the University of Reading over the 2023-2024 academic year. By providing students with up-to-date ethics information about GenAI tools and providing them with tailored guides for using them in a manner that directly supports their learning, ancient language students become the users that direct GenAI’s outputs for a critical purpose rather than simply relying on GenAI to give them accurate information.

Keywords: generative artificial intelligence (GenAI), ancient languages, ancient Greek, Latin, AI ethics, AI and higher education, student-teacher collaboration, classics, ChatGPT, Claude, Microsoft Copilot, Google Gemini

Taking the Helm: Collaborative Approaches to Ethical AI Practice in Ancient Language Learning

AI-induced error

The Illusion of Knowledge: Rethinking AI “Hallucinations” in Islamic Studies and Arabic Digital Librarianship

The Illusion of Knowledge: Rethinking AI “Hallucinations” in Islamic Studies and Arabic Digital Librarianship

Written By: Amina El Ganadi

Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) are transforming the digital humanities by automating translation, summarisation, classification, and textual analysis at unprecedented scale. However, their fluency is often mistaken for genuine understanding, creating an illusion of knowledge that can mask unreliable factual grounding. This paper reframes the commonly used term “hallucination” as AI-induced error to emphasise the structural decoupling of linguistic plausibility from accuracy, a problem compounded by the limited interpretability of LLMs (the “black box” problem). The risk is especially acute in fields requiring textual precision, such as Islamic studies and Arabic digital librarianship, where distortions can affect interpretation, misrepresent doctrinal concepts, and undermine metadata reliability, with errors propagating into cataloguing systems and historical research. The paper analyses computational and epistemological factors that generate AI-induced errors, surveys mitigation approaches (retrieval-augmented generation, explainability methods, and domain-specific fine-tuning), and argues that technical safeguards are insufficient in isolation without human-in-the-loop oversight grounded in domain expertise. Drawing on practice-based evidence from the Digital Maktaba Project, it documents recurring error typologies encountered in real institutional workflows, including fabricated Islamic bibliographic categories, misidentification of foundational Islamic figures, fabricated hadith reports, and subject headings generated in unrelated languages. It concludes by advocating for transparent workflows, rigorous human involvement, and interdisciplinary collaboration among AI developers, domain experts, and humanities scholars as necessary conditions for responsible AI integration in culturally sensitive research contexts.

 Keywords: AI-induced error, hallucination, large language models, illusion of knowledge, human-in-the-loop oversight, Islamic studies, Arabic digital librarianship, retrieval-augmented generation, Digital Maktaba Project.